The Practice of
Teaching Learning of Mathematics
Title: How to
Develop Teaching Learning Process in Junior High School
I.
Lesson Plan
Lesson plan is a direction and purpose (grounding) teachers to
teach in accordance with the law (PP No. 19 of 2005 on the SNP, Permendiknas
No. 41 of 2007 on the Standard Process). In Indonesia lesson plan is called
RPP. Lesson plan includes the syllabus and learning implementation plan that
includes at least the purpose of learning, teaching materials, teaching
methods, learning resources, and assessment of learning outcomes. Lesson plan
is an important part in the implementation of education in schools. Through a
good lesson plan, teachers will be easier to implement and student learning
would be more helpful and easy to learn. Lesson plan developed in accordance
with needs and characteristics of students, schools, and subjects. Lesson plan
in Junior High School is arranged by subject. Need for lesson plan is intended to achieve
improved learning undertaken with the following assumptions:
a.
To improve
the quality of learning should begin with a lesson plan that is manifested by
the presence of instructional design,
b.
To
design a learning need to use a systems approach (conventional or
computerized),
c.
Lesson
plan refers to how students learn to be independent,
d.
The
lesson plan should be based on objective and directed by the ease of learning
e.
Lesson
plan which involves learning the variable conditions, variables methods and
learning outcomes.
The
steps to make a lesson plane:
a.
Make
lesson plans identity
b.
Understanding
basic standards of competency and competency
c.
Determine
indicators
d.
Make
a plan to implementation it, choose materials
e.
Determine
learning goals
f.
Determine
learning materials
g.
Determine
learning method
h.
Arrange
the steps to develop students' activity
i.
Determine
the reference and source
j.
Determine
the evaluation system (assessment)
There
are any obstacles to implementation lessons and weakness plane, but lesson plan
has many benefits.
a.
The
obstacles to implement lesson plane are:
need extra time.
need extra time.
b.
Need
more teachers’ skill.
c.
Almost any teacher feel troublesome to make it
Whereas
the advantages of Lesson Plane are:
a.
Make
a systematically learning
b.
Becomes more regular learning, etc
II.
Small Group
Discussion
Small
group discussion is one of students group that have the purpose to give a
chance for students to exchange their ideas, share opinion, or other
interaction between them then discuss the problem then solve it together. The steps to
develop small group discussion are:
a.
Teacher should provide a problem or students’
work sheet and give a direction to discuss it.
b.
Distribute the problems.
c.
Give a chance for students to solve the problem
in their group.
d.
Teacher guide students work and help them if
they have any problem.
Many kinds of
small group discussion that useable in Junior High School, mentioned below,
there are three example of small group discussion:
a.
Debate Method
Learning Materials is choose and
elect to be pros and cons package. Student divide to several group, each group
consist of 4 students. In a group, two students in pros side and the other in
cons side. They will debate about one topic that given by their teacher.
b.
Group
Investigation
Teacher divided students in a class
to small group that consist of 5 until 6 students in a group. Each group is
given subtopics from different are of common problems. But first, teacher gave
overview about the subtopic. Then students in group have to analyze and
synthesize the subtopic.
c.
Method Jigsaw
Teacher divided general information
to smaller components. Then student made small group consist of 4 until 5
students. Each member of group have to responsible for each subtopics, then
each student who has a subtopic make a new group that has a same subtopic with
him. After that, he/she back to their first group and explain to the other
member about his subtopic.
III.
Various Method
of Teaching
Teaching
method is a teachers’ way to develop their learning become a meaningful
learning and to explain material learning so students can understand what
teacher mean. Teaching method is important in the learning process because it
affect of successful learning. Teachers in Junior High School should use
various methods so students are not bored. As we know that students in Junior
High School have different characteristic, so teacher should use various
methods to explore it. Many kinds of teaching method that useable in Junior
High School, mentioned below there are 4 example of teaching method:
a. Guided inquiry Approach Method
Guided
inquiry Approach Method is inquiry
approach that teacher guide the student to do activity with give first question
and direct to discussion.
b.
Recitation
method
Learning recitation
method is a method of teaching requires students to create a resume with your
own sentence.
c.
Methods Study
Tour (tour of Work)
Methods Study
tours is a method of teaching by encouraging students to visit an object of
knowledge and further expand the students create reports and discuss and record
the results of those visits, assisted by educators.
d.
Methods of
Teaching Team
Teams learning
method is a method in which educators teach more than one person, each of which
has one of task. Usually educator appointed as coordinator. The way the test,
every educator create questions, and then merged. If an oral examination that
tested each student should immediately be faced with a team of educators.
Nothing the
best method for teaching, but I select guided inquiry approach method to teach of
mathematics in Junior High School, because in Junior High School that degree of
development student still at transfer phase and student not experience learned
with guided inquiry approach method and student still in learn degree
scientific process, such that guided inquiry approach method suited for
applicable in Junior High School.
IV.
Various
Interaction
Teaching and learning process is a process
of interaction between two human
elements as the party which students learn and teachers teach. Interaction is a communication between someone
with others. In managing the interaction of
teaching and learning in
Junior High School, teachers
must have the ability to
design courses, mastering the subject matter, capable
of creating conditions conducive class, skilled use
of media and select the source, understand
the ways or methods used have
the skills to communicate the
program and understand the
foundations of education as a basic act.
In the process of interaction is a
required supporting component (characteristic of educative interactions) that
is the goal, procedure, special construction materials, student activities, teacher
as guide, discipline, time
limit, elements of the
assessment.
In order for an interaction of good teaching
and learning, there are several factors that must be met, that is the basis of
teaching and learning interactions ¬ base consisting of:
a.
Interactions are instructive.
b.
In the interaction of behavioral changes in
students as a result of learning and teaching.
c.
Proper role and position in the process of
teaching and learning interactions.
d.
Interaction as a learning process.
e.
Means of teaching and learning activities are
available, which help to achieve the interaction of teaching and learning
effectively and efficiently.
According to the role of teacher in teaching
and learning interactions, among others:
a.
As a facilitator, which provides a situation ¬
situation required an individual to learn.
b.
As a supervisor, is to give students guidance
in learning interactions, so that students can learn well and work effectively
and efficiently.
c.
As a motivator, this gives encouragement to
students willing and keen to learn.
d.
As an organizer, this is organizing the
learning activities of students and teachers.
Teaching and learning interactions are
characterized by the presence of student activity, because in principle to
learn is to do. Do to change behavior, so do the activities. There is no
learning if there is no activity. That is why the activity is the principle or
principles are very important in the interaction of teaching and learning.
In the class, there are three parts of various
interactions that are whole class interaction, small group interaction, and
individual interaction. Whole class interaction is an interaction between
someone, for example teacher with all students in the class. Teacher explain
the material in front of class which is intended to all students other example
is teacher give a chance for students to share their idea in front of class.
Students’ reflection is included in whole class interaction.
From the whole class, teacher can divide class
into small group then distribute some problems and let students to discuss and
solve it. In small group discussion, there is an interaction between students
with others. They can share their idea and express their opinion then discuss
together to solve the problem that have been distributed by teacher. In the
small group discussion, teacher offer something that is needed by students and
identify difficulty one so an interaction between students in group and teacher
is occurred. In individual interaction, the interaction can be a communication
between teacher with a student when ask question or interaction between a
student with one student. The advantages when teacher use various interactions
in the learning are:
a.
make a learning become an interesting learning
b.
increase students’ spirit in the class
c.
help students to appreciate others’ opinion
V.
Various
teaching aids/media
Media is goods
or other that can be use to support teaching learning process in Junior High
School. Media help students easier to understand learning. Teacher must use
various media, so students in Junior High School not bored because media make
students interest the learning. Teaching aids are supporting goods in the
learning so the learning becomes easy understand.
Steps to expand various media are:
a.
Understanding
Standard competency and basic competency
b.
Prepare all
thing that needed in learning process
c.
Explain how to
use it.
The kind of Various Teaching Media:
a.
Electronic
Media
Electronic media is media that uses
electronic or energy.
b.
With Tools
Procure learning to use tools, will
facilitate students in understanding a case.
c.
Print Media
For example is book. The student can
learn the material with reading the book.
VI.
Cognitive
Scheme
Cognitive scheme is students’ thinking ability
concept. Cognitive scheme encourage teacher to construct students’ knowledge
and skill so students get new understanding by themselves. It will become a
meaningful learning so students can easy to remember it, to construct it and to
apply it in the learning to solve problem learning. Cognitive scheme can said
as a way to construct students’ knowledge structure. It can start with basic
knowledge then students know more difficult material, teacher give stimulated
so increase students’ level understanding. The purpose of developing cognitive
scheme is students have good understanding structure so they can receive
knowledge easily. The steps to developing cognitive scheme are:
a.
Teacher prepares teaching content.
b.
Teacher explains material from easy to hard.
c.
Teach material in simple form.
d.
Choose a correct method so student can
understand what teacher mean.
e.
Teacher says the advantage of the material that
is being learned.
Cognitive scheme consist of motivation, attitude, knowledge, skill,
and experience.
VII.
Student’s
Worksheet
Student's
worksheet is a media to facilitate students in Junior High School to improve
their understanding or find some formulas, so we can conclude that student's
worksheet use to support the learning process in class. Student's worksheet,
consist of problem which make student try to solve it and get a solution then
make a conclusion about that. Student's work sheet can apply in group or
individual.
Know, student
worksheet that teachers made is collection of questions. It is wrong, because
student worksheet is the media and preparation that student use it to find the
formulas. In others word student worksheet can use to construct mathematics
concept. The function of student's worksheet:
a.
Improve
students’ competency by themselves
b.
Help students
construct their mind by self so the knowledge can last longer on their mind
c.
Can be a
problem, example, exercise, or other material that can improve students’
thinking ability.
d.
Students will
more easily to understand the material that being taught
A good
student's work sheet is, consist of hints or clues which can make students
apply their knowledge and find a conclusion in the end. Teachers have to
develop student's work sheet according the student's ability. Teachers can
guide students to identify and solve the student's work sheet.
How to develop student's work sheet?
a.
Teachers must
understanding student's competency
b.
Difficulty
level of student's work sheet is appropriated with student's ability, basic
competency, and the material that being studied
c.
Teachers
prepare to make a student's work sheet.
d.
Teachers
distribute it to all students (in the group or individual).
e.
Give a chance
for student to solve the problem.
f.
Discuss together
in the class.
As a media to develop students’ knowledge, students’ work sheet has
some obstacles:
a.
Teacher needs
extra time to develop it.
b.
Need teachers’
skill to make it.
c.
Require other
facilities to develop students’ work sheet.
The last is the advantages of students’ work sheet, there are:
a.
Can be a media
to construct students’ mind.
b.
Train students
to be an active student.
c.
Students have
been accustomed to solve problem, etc.
VIII.
Student’s
Presentation
Student
presentations are very useful in the learning process in Junior High School,
because with the presentation of the student can develop a sense of
responsibility on himself and responsibilities toward others. For example,
after discussion in group, students tell their discussion result and reflection
it together. Then students presentation it, share and present the knowledge
that they have gained from discussion. From reflection and presentation
students can perform in the best and trained to explain their knowledge with
their friends and their friends get new knowledge from them. One of the
advantages of students’ reflection and presentation is train students to more
confident.
IX.
Student’s
Conclusion
Student's
conclusion is a part of student's activities in learning process. Students make
a conclusion from their experience. Students resume the knowledge that have
been got then colligate it in a new knowledge. Teacher help student to find the
conclusion, so teacher as a facilitator try to provide anything that can help
student to find conclusion.
The steps to build up student's conclusion:
a.
Divide whole
class into small groups.
b.
Distribute
problem to each group.
c.
Give a chance
to discuss the problem.
d.
Students
present their discussion result.
e.
Students create
a conclusion with teacher guidance.
f.
Students justify
the conclusion so it will be a true conclusion and become new knowledge.
The obstacle when develop students’ conclusion are:
a.
Need teacher
creativity to make various problems.
b.
Need teacher
skill to develop it.
c.
Need extra time
to apply it.
d.
Students have
different potency so difficult to make problems with same difficulty.
X.
Classroom Based
Assessment
Assessment is
used to determine what a student know or can do. Assessment can called as a
process of documenting knowledge, skills, attitude, and beliefs of students.
Assessment emphasize on the process, not on final exam. Because it is not fair
if student has bad value on the report card because he or she can’t do the exam
well because of sick, but in the class he or she is an active student and a
smart student. Different with evaluation that is assess students from the final
exam. Assessment is a record process of lesson from the lesson begins until it
ends. Steps to
develop assessment are:
a.
Prepare and make a plan.
b.
Use various methods so students expand their
potency.
c.
Record all students’ activity from the lesson
begin until end.
d.
Evaluate all students’ activity.
